Dentifrícios branqueadores contendo Blue covarine: revisão de literatura / Bleaching dentifrices containing "Blue covarine" literature review

Introdução: O efeito branqueador dos dentifrícios contendo Blue covarine é fundamentado no seu mecanismo de ação, caracterizado pela sua deposição na superfície dentária, alterando a percepção da cor. Objetivo: Revisar a literatura e buscar evidência científica sobre o efeito branqueador do Blue Covarine em tecidos mineralizados e materiais restauradores estéticos. Materiais e métodos: Para a revisão da literatura foram feitas buscas nas bases de dados PubMed, LILACS, BBO, SciELO e MEDLINE para identificar estudos clínicos e laboratoriais que avaliassem a ação branqueadora do agente óptico Blue covarine. Como estratégia de busca foram utilizados os descritores "Blue covarine", "Blue covarine e pasta de dentes", "Blue covarine and toothpaste", "Blue covarine e dentifrícios", "Blue covarine and dentifrices", "Blue covarine e dentifrícios branqueadores", "Blue covarine and whitening dentifrices", "Blue covarine e dentifrícios clareadores", "Blue covarine and bleaching dentifrices", "Blue covarine e pasta de dentes branqueadoras", "Blue covarine and whitening toothpaste", "Blue covarine e pasta de dentes clareadoras", "Blue covarine and bleaching toothpaste". Resultados: Dois pesquisadores selecionaram e analisaram criticamente 31 artigos, sendo 2 revisões da literatura, 4 estudos clínicos e 25 estudos laboratoriais. Divergências quanto ao desenho de estudo, métodos, amostra, critérios clínicos e parâmetros laboratoriais foram observados, além de conflitos de interesse. Conclusão: O Blue Covarine presente nos dentifrícios branqueadores parece ser efetivo na promoção do branqueamento dentário apenas quando associado aos agentes abrasivos presentes nas formulações, evidenciando que ensaios clínicos e laboratoriais, com metodologias semelhantes, são necessários para se obter evidência científica conclusiva sobre o efeito deste agente branqueador.(AU)

Introduction: The whitening effect of dentifrices containing Blue Covarine is based on its mechanism of action, characterized by its deposition on the tooth surface, altering the perception of color. Objective: To review the literature and seek scientific evidence on the whitening effect of Blue Covarine on mineralized tissues and aesthetic restorative materials. Materials and methods: For the literature review, searches were carried out in the PubMed, LILACS, BBO, SciELO and MEDLINE databases, in order to identify clinical and laboratory studies that evaluated the whitening action of the optical agent Blue Covarine. As a search strategy, the descriptors "Blue Covarine", "Blue Covarine and toothpaste", "Blue Covarine and dentifrices", "Blue Covarine and whitening dentifrices", "Blue Covarine and bleaching dentifrices", "Blue Covarine and whitening toothpaste", "Blue Covarine and bleaching toothpaste". Results: Two researchers selected and critically analyzed 31 articles, including 2 literature reviews, 4 clinical studies and 25 laboratory studies. Differences in study design, methods, sample, clinical criteria and laboratory parameters were observed, in addition to conflicts of interest. Conclusion: Blue Covarine present in whitening dentifrices seems to be effective in promoting dental whitening only when associated with abrasive agents present in the formulations, showing that clinical and laboratory tests, with similar methodologies, are necessary to obtain conclusive scientific evidence on the effect of this bleaching agent.(AU)

Ação inibitória de dentifrícios sobre Streptococcus mutans e Candida albicans: estudo in vitro / Inhibitory effect of dentifrices on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans: in vitro study

Introdução: este estudo avaliou a ação antimicrobiana de sete dentifrícios nacionais com ação antiplaca ou antimicrobiana, conforme os fabricantes, sobre os patógenos orais Streptococcus mutans e Candida albicans. Métodos: a avaliação dos dentifrícios foi realizada pelo teste de difusão em ágar. Placas de Petri com meios de cultura ágar cérebro coração e ágar Sabourad foram semeadas com suspensão microbiana padronizada de S. mutans e C. albicans. Poços foram confeccionados no ágar semeado e preenchidos com as soluções dos dentifrícios diluídas em 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 e 1:8, além dos controles positivo (solução de clorexidina 2%) e negativo (dentifrício sem princípios ativos). Após incubação por 48h/37°C, os halos de inibição do crescimento microbiano foram medidos com paquímetro e régua milimetrada, e os resultados finais dos halos obtidos em milímetros. Resultados e conclusão: verificou-se que todos os dentifrícios, na diluição de 1:1, foram efetivos sobre C. albicans e S. mutans, exceto o composto de bicarbonato de sódio e extratos vegetais, o qual não inibiu S. mutans. Na diluição de 1:2, somente o dentifrício contendo triclosan inibiu C. albicans, enquanto todos mostraram algum potencial de inibição ao S. mutans. Nas demais diluições, não foram observados halos de inibição de ambos os microrganismos. A C. albicans demonstrou ser mais resistente à ação inibitória dos antimicrobianos dos dentifrícios testados neste estudo. S. mutans demonstrou ser mais sensível à ação dos dentifrícios, no entanto, a diluição durante a escovação dentária reduz a ação inibitória esperada, indicando a importância da remoção mecânica do biofilme.(AU)

Introduction: this study analyzed the antimicrobial activity in seven national dentifrices with antiplaque or antimicrobial substances in their composition, according the manufacturer, on the oral pathogens Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Methods: the dentifrices antimicrobial effect evaluation was carried out by agar diffusion test. S. mutans and C. albicans. Padronized microbial suspension was cultured on Petri dishes containing Brain Hearth Agar and Sabourad Agar, respectively. Wells were prepared in the cultured agar and filled with 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 and 1:8 dilutions of dentifrice solutions, and besides positive (2% chlorhexidine solutions) and negative controls (dentifrices without active ingredients). After 48h/37°C incubation, the microbial growing inhibition zones were measured with a paquimeter and a millimeter rule, being the final zone results obtained in millimeters. Results and conclusion: on 1:1 dilution, all dentifrices were effective on C. albicans and S. mutans, except one with vegetal extract and sodium bicarbonate composition, which did not inhibit S. mutans. In 1:2 dilution, only tricolsan-containing dentifrice inhibited C. albicans, while all dentifrices presented some inhibition potential on S. mutans. There were no inhibition zones for both microorganims in other dilutions. We concluded that C. albicans showed to be more resistant to antimicrobial agents tested in the dentifrices, in this study. S. mutans showed to be more sensitive to tested dentifrices, however, the product dilution during toothbrushing reduces the expected inhibitory action, strengthening the importance of the mechanical removal of dental biofilm.(AU)

Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis in a City without Fluoridation in its Water Supply: Effect of Sampling

Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence of dental fluorosis in a population not exposed to fluoridated water and to evaluate the effect of the sampling technique on this measurement. Material and Methods: This observational, cross-sectional and quantitative study was conducted in the city of Mariana, Brazil. The participants were selected based on age, so that they had access to fluoridated dentifrice during the formation of the permanent upper teeth. Based on a nominal survey of schoolchildren aged 14 to 19, a probabilistic sample of 304 such children was clinically examined. Dental fluorosis was measured by the Thylstrup-Fejerskov index. The prevalence of fluorosis identified in a previous study, conducted in 2011 in the same city, using the same methodology but employing convenience sampling, was used as a control to compare the effect of the two sampling techniques. Results: The prevalence of dental fluorosis was 3% based on the probabilistic sampling of the subjects. In the previous study, the prevalence of fluorosis was 7% (p<0.05) based on convenience sampling of the same age group. Both studies detected a Thylstrup-Fejerskov fluorosis index value of 1, corresponding to only a mild degree of dental fluorosis. Conclusion: The convenience sampling technique seems to have affected the prevalence of dental fluorosis identified, with a 4% difference between the two studies. The prevalence of dental fluorosis attributed to the use of fluoridated dentifrice in a population not exposed to fluoridation of the water supply was considered low.

Influence of fluoridated groundwater and 1, 100 ppm fluoride dentifrice on biomarkers of exposure to fluoride

Abstract This research aimed to determine the influence of fluoridated groundwater and 1,100 ppm fluoride dentifrice on biomarkers of exposure to fluoride in preschoolers. A cross-sectional study was performed on thirty preschoolers recruited from naturally fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas (n=15). Total Daily Fluoride Intake (TDFI) from diet and dentifrice, and Daily Urinary Fluoride Excretion (DUFE) was measured over 24 h. Nails samples were collected twice during 30 days. Fluoride analyses were performed using a fluoride-ion-specific electrode. Data were evaluated using the Student and paired t-test, Pearson correlation analysis, multiple linear regression analysis (α≤0.05). Fluoridated groundwater and dentifrice were the dominant sources (r2 > 0.83) of TDFI in children from a naturally fluoridated and a non-fluoridated area, respectively. A positive correlation between TDFI and DUFE (r=0.50), and between [F] in fingernails and toenails (r=0.60) were found in children from a naturally fluoridated area. The [F] in nails of finger and toe were not correlated to TDFI. The consumption of fluoridated groundwater influenced the fluoride concentration in urine. In addition, the use of 1,100 ppm fluoride dentifrice did not influence the fluoride concentration in urine and fingernails.

Resumo Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo determinar a influência de águas fluoretadas subterrâneas e do dentifrício com 1.100 ppm de fluoreto nos biomarcadores de exposição ao flúor em pré-escolares. Foi realizado um estudo transversal em trinta pré-escolares recrutados em áreas naturalmente fluoretadas e não fluoretadas (n = 15). A ingestão diária total de flúor (TDFI) a partir da dieta e do dentifrício, assim como a excreção urinária diária de flúor (DUFE), foram medidas ao longo de 24 horas. Amostras de unhas foram coletadas duas vezes durante 30 dias. As análises de flúor foram realizadas usando um eletrodo específico para íon flúor. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o teste t de Student e pareado, a análise de correlação de Pearson, e a análise de regressão linear múltipla (a≤0,05). As águas subterrâneas e dentifrícios fluoretados foram as fontes dominantes (r2>0,83) do TDFI em crianças da área naturalmente fluoretada e não fluoretada, respectivamente. Uma correlação positiva entre TDFI e DUFE (r=0,50) e entre [F] nas unhas das mãos e dos pés (r=0,60) foi encontrada em crianças da área naturalmente fluoretada. A [F] nas unhas das mãos e dos pés não foi correlacionada com TDFI. O consumo de águas subterrâneas fluoretadas influenciou a concentração de flúor na urina. Além disso, o uso de dentifrício com 1.100 ppm de fluoreto não influenciou a concentração de fluoreto na urina e nas unhas.

Can whitening toothpastes maintain the optical stability of enamel over time?

Abstract Besides the effects on the health of individuals, cigarette smoking can also interfere with the appearance of their teeth. Objective: To evaluate the effect of cigarette smoking-toothbrushing-cycling (CSTC) with whitening toothpastes on the roughness and optical behavior of bovine enamel for eight weeks. Material and Methods: Thirty bovine dentin/enamel discs, 8.0 mm in diameter and 2.0 mm thick, were randomly divided into three groups according to the toothpastes: whitening (Colgate Luminous White - CW and Oral B 3D White - OW), and a non-whitening (Colgate - C). The roughness, color (CIE L*a*b* system), translucency and gloss were measured before and after the specimens were submitted to CSTC. The topography of the specimens was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. During the first week, the specimens were daily subjected to the consumption of 20 cigarettes and brushed (40 strokes/100 g) with the toothpastes' slurries. Thereafter, the CSTC was weekly applied in an accumulated model (140 cigarettes/280 strokes) for seven weeks. The data were submitted to two-way ANOVA, Tukey's HSD test, and paired-t test (α=0.05). Results: The three toothpastes produced significant changes in roughness, color, translucency and gloss (p<0.05). After eight weeks, the roughness and the gloss produced by the three toothpastes were similar (p>0.05), while OW produced the lowest color change and the translucency of C was lower than that of CW (p<0.05). The three toothpastes produced a significant decrease in L* values and a significant increase in a* values after eight weeks (p<0.05). No significant difference in the b* coordinate was found for OW (p=0.13) There were topographic changes in the enamel surfaces. Conclusions: The whitening toothpastes increased the roughness, changed the topography and were not able to maintain the optical stability of enamel exposed over eight weeks.

Influence of biofilm formation on the mechanical properties of enamel after treatment with CPP-ACP crème

Abstract: The study aimed to investigate the effects of bacterial biofilms on changes in the surface microhardness of enamel treated with casein phosphopeptide—amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) with and without fluoride. Human enamel blocks with incipient caries-like lesions were divided into four groups of 13: G1: Saliva (Control); G2: fluoride dentifrice (Crest™, 1100 ppm as NaF); G3: CPP-ACP (MI Paste; Recaldent™); and G4: CPP-ACPF (MI Paste Plus; Recaldent™ 900 ppm as NaF). The specimens were soaked in demineralizing solution for 6 h and remineralized in artificial saliva for 18 h alternately for 10 days. The dentifrice was prepared with deionized water in a 1 : 3 ratio (w/w) or applied undiluted in the case of the CPP-ACP group. The surface microhardness (SMH) was evaluated at baseline, after artificial caries, after pH cycling and treatment with dentifrices, and after incubation in media with Streptococcus mutans for biofilm formation. The biofilms were exposed once a day to 2% sucrose and the biofilm viability was measured by MTT reduction. The percentage of change in surface microhardness (%SMHC) was calculated for each block. The data were analyzed by nonparametric test comparisons (α = 0.05). The %SMHC values observed in G2 were different from those of G1, G3, and G4 (p < 0.05). After biofilm formation, %SMHC was positive in G2 and G4 when compared to G1 and G3, but resistance to demineralization after biofilm formation was similar in all groups. In conclusion, the presence of biofilms did not influence the treatment outcomes of anticaries products.

Protocol of toothbrushing based on bioavailability of fluoride in toothpaste: a systematic review / Protocolo de cepillado basado en la biodisponibilidad del flúor en dentífricos: una revisión sistemática

The objective of the study is to propose a protocol for the appropriate use of fluorides in dentifrices (Dt), based on its bioavailability in saliva (Bs) and / or plaque (Bp) through a systematic review (SR). SR of the literature from 2005 to 2015 in PubMed, Cochrane and SciELO. Inclusion criteria: clinical studies in vivo, Spanish and English, made only with Dt that measured Bs and Bp. The results were evaluated in relation to: 1) Concentration of fluoride in Dt, 2) Brushing time with Dt, 3) Frequency of brushing, 4) Rinse post-brushing and 5) Amount of Dt on the brush. Twelve (12) studies were selected. 1) Bs increases 241 % when using a 5000 ppm of Dt compared to 1450 ppm. 2) Bs is increased by 55 % by increasing the duration of brushing 40 s to 120 s 3) Bp increases by 68 % when brushing 3 times a day compared to 2 times. 4) Not rinsing or rinsing with <10 ml for <10 s increases Bs to 270 % compared to rinses higher volume / time. 5) By increasing the amount of Dt of 0.5 g to 1.5 g, Bs increases up to 266 %. The use of 1.5 g of Dt 1450 ppm of fluoride for 120 s, 3 times a day is recommended and once brushing is complete avoiding oral rinse with water or non fluoride mouthwash.

El objetivo de este studio es proponer un protocolo para el uso adecuado de fluoruros en dentífricos (Dt), basado en su biodisponibilidad en saliva (Bs) y/o placa (Bp) mediante una revisión sistemática (RS). RS de la literatura 2005- 2015 en PubMed, Cochrane y SciELO. Criterios de inclusión: estudios clínicos in vivo, español e inglés, realizados únicamente con Dt que midieran Bs y Bp. Los resultados fueron evaluados en relación a: 1) Concentración de flúor en el Dt, 2) Tiempo de cepillado con Dt, 3) Frecuencia de cepillado, 4) Enjuague post-cepillado y 5) Cantidad de Dt en el cepillo. Fueron seleccionados 12 estudios. 1) La Bs aumenta en un 241 % al utilizar un Dt de 5000 ppm en comparación con un 1450 ppm. 2) Bs aumenta en un 55 % al aumentar la duración del cepillado de 40 s a 120 s, 3) La Bp aumenta en un 68 % al cepillarse 3 veces al día en comparación a 2 veces. 4) No enjuagarse o enjuagues de <10 ml por <10 s puede aumentar la Bs hasta en un 270 % en comparación a enjuagues con mayor volumen/tiempo. 5) Al aumentar la cantidad de Dt de 0,5 g a 1,5 g, la Bs aumenta hasta en un 266 %. Se recomienda utilizar 1,5 g de Dt 1450 ppm de flúor por 120 s, 3 veces al día, y evitar enjuague oral con agua o colutorios sin flúor una vez finalizado el cepillado.

Anticaries Potential of Low Fluoride Dentifrices Found in The Brazilian Market

Abstract Low-fluoride (F) dentifrices (<600 µg F/g) are widely available worldwide, but evidence to recommend the use of such dentifrices, with either regular or improved formulations, is still lacking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the anticaries potential of low-F dentifrices found in the Brazilian market, using a validated and tested pH-cycling model. Enamel blocks were selected by surface hardness (SH) and randomized into four treatment groups (n=12): non-F dentifrice (negative control), low-F dentifrice (500 μg F/g), low-F acidulated dentifrice (550 μg F/g) and 1,100 μg F/g dentifrice (positive control). The blocks were subjected to pH-cycling regimen for 8 days and were treated 2x/day with dentifrice slurries prepared in water (1:3, w/v). The pH of the slurries was checked, and only the acidulated one had low pH. After the pH cycling, SH was again determined and the percentage of surface hardness loss was calculated as indicator of demineralization. Loosely- and firmly-bound F concentrations in enamel were also determined. The 1,100 μg F/g dentifrice was more effective than the low-F ones to reduce enamel demineralization and was the only one that differed from the non-F (p<0.05). All F dentifrices formed higher concentration of loosely-bound F on enamel than the non-F (p<0.05), but the 1,100 μg F/g was the only one that differed from the non-F in the ability to form firmly-bound F. The findings suggest that the low-F dentifrices available in the Brazilian market, irrespective of their formulation, do not have anticaries potential.

Resumo Dentifrícios de baixa concentração de fluoreto (F) (< 600 µg F/g) estão amplamente disponíveis no mundo, mas ainda não há evidência para recomendar seu uso, quer seja em formulações regulares ou melhoradas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial anticárie de dentifrícios de baixa concentração de fluoreto encontrados no mercado brasileiro, utilizando um modelo de ciclagens de pH validado e testado. Blocos de esmalte bovinos foram selecionados pela dureza de superfície e randomizados em quatro grupos (n=12): dentifrício sem fluoreto (controle negativo), dentifrício de baixa concentração de fluoreto (500 μg F/g), dentifrício acidulado de baixa concentração de fluoreto (550 μg F/g) e dentifrício de 1100 μg F/g (controle positivo). Os blocos foram submetidos ao regime de ciclagem de pH por 8 dias e tratados 2 x/dia com suspensões aquosas dos dentifrícios (1:3 p/v). O pH das suspensões foi checado, e apenas o acidulado tinha baixo pH. Após a ciclagem de pH, a dureza de superfície foi novamente determinada e a porcentagem de perda de dureza foi calculada como indicador de demineralização. As concentrações de fluoreto fracamente e firmemente ligado ao esmalte também foram determinadas. O dentifrício de 1.100 μg F/g foi mais efetivo do que os de baixa concentração na redução da desmineralização do esmalte e foi o único que diferiu significativamente do não fluoretado (p<0,05). Todos os dentifrícios fluoretados foram capazes de formar maiores concentrações de fluoreto fracamente ligado ao esmalte do que o não fluoretado (p<0,05), mas o de 1.100 μg F/g foi o único que diferiu do não fluoretado na capacidade de formar fluoreto firmemente ligado ao esmalte. Os resultados sugerem que dentifrícios de baixa concentração de fluoreto disponíveis no mercado brasileiro, independentemente da formulação, não têm potencial anticárie.

Effects of different desensitizing treatments on root dentin permeability

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of diode laser and a desensitizing dentifrice on dentin permeability. Fifty-two root dentin fragments were obtained (5 × 5mm) and treated with 24% EDTA gel. The samples were divided into 4 groups (n = 13): G1, control (no treatment); G2, diode laser (λ = 908 nm, 1.5 W, continuous mode, 20s); G3, application of abrasive dentifrice for 1 minute (Elmex Sensitive Professional (International Gaba); and G4, application of abrasive dentifrice for 1 minute followed by irradiation with diode laser. Ten samples per group were immersed in 2% methylene blue solution for 4h. The specimens were washed, longitudinally sectioned, observed under optical microscopy, photographed and assessed based on the degree of dye leakage. The remaining samples were observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The leakage data were subjected to ANOVA test, followed by Tukey's t-test (α = 5%). Groups 2, 3 and 4 showed less dye penetration than the control group (p < 0.05), but were similar among each other. SEM images showed that dentinal tubules were open in G1, and fused and occluded in G2. Group 3 showed dentinal tubules that were occluded by the metal ions from the toothpaste. G4 presented similar characteristics to G3, and the presence of fused dentin. The diode laser and the dentifrice were effective in reducing dentinal permeability, and the combination of the two treatments did not show better results than either one used alone.

Combined effect of end-rounded versus tapered bristles and a dentifrice on plaque removal and gingival abrasion

Abstract Two previous clinical studies evaluated the effect of end-rounded versus tapered bristles of soft manual brushes on the removal of plaque and gingival abrasion. However, the combined effect of an abrasive dentifrice on these outcomes has yet to be understood. The purpose of the present study was to compare the incidence of gingival abrasion and the degree of plaque removal obtained after the use of toothbrushes with tapered or end-rounded bristles in the presence or absence of an abrasive dentifrice. The study involved a randomized, single-blind, crossover model (n = 39) with a split-mouth design. Subjects were instructed to refrain from performing oral hygiene procedures for 72 hours. Quadrants were randomized and subjects brushed with both types of toothbrushes using a dentifrice (relative dentin abrasion = ± 160). Plaque and gingival abrasion were assessed before and after brushing. After 7 days, the experiment was repeated without the dentifrice. The average reduction in plaque scores and the average increase in the number of abrasion sites were assessed by repeated-measures ANOVA and Bonferroni's post-hoc tests. End-rounded bristles removed significantly more plaque than tapered bristles, regardless of the use of a dentifrice. The dentifrice did not improve plaque removal. In the marginal area (cervical free gingiva), no difference in the incidence of gingival abrasion was detected between toothbrush types when used with a dentifrice (p ≥ 0.05). However, the dentifrice increased the incidence of abrasion (p < 0.001), irrespective of the toothbrush type tested. End-rounded bristles therefore removed plaque more effectively without causing a higher incidence of gingival abrasion when compared with tapered bristles. An abrasive dentifrice can increase the incidence of abrasion, and should be used with caution by individuals who are at risk of developing gingival recession.

Does a toothpaste containing blue covarine have any effect on bleached teeth? An in vitro, randomized and blinded study

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of bleaching toothpastes, both conventional and those containing the new whitening agent Blue Covarine, on teeth previously bleached by conventional techniques (in-office and at-home). Squared bovine enamel/dentin blocks (6.0 x 6.0 x 2.0 mm) were randomly distributed in 6 groups (n = 15), according to the technique used to bleach them (in-office: HP35%; at-home: PC10%) and the type of bleaching toothpaste (none: control; Blue Covarine containing: BC; and without Blue Covarine: NBC). Experimental groups denominated HP35%, HP35%BC and HP35%NBC received in-office tooth bleaching before toothbrushing, and groups PC10%, PC10%BC and PC10%NBC were subjected to at-home tooth bleaching prior to toothbrushing. After bleaching treatment, groups HP35%BC, PC10%BC, HP35%NBC and PC10%NBC underwent daily tooth brushing in a brushing machine for 3 minutes (150 strokes/min, with a load of 375 g). Tooth color alteration was measured by reflectance spectroscopy (Vita EasyShade, Vident, Brea, CA, USA) at: T0 (baseline) - after in-office or at-home bleaching treatment; T1 - immediately after tooth brushing; T2 - 7 days and T3 - 14 days after tooth brushing. Data was analyzed by repeated measures mixed ANOVA and the Bonferroni post hoc test, with a significance level of 5%. Statistically significant differences were found between different experimental groups, evaluation times and for the interaction between them (p < 0.001). Tooth brushing using either bleaching toothpaste (conventional or with Blue Covarine) showed no color alteration on teeth previously bleached by in-office and at-home tooth bleaching. The use of bleaching toothpastes on previously bleached teeth did not produce a color alteration.

Abrasion of 6 dentifrices measured by vertical scanning interference microscopy

OBJECTIVES: The abrasion of dentifrices is well recognized to eliminate the dental plaque. The aims of this study were to characterize the abrasive powders of 6 dentifrices (3 toothpastes and 3 toothpowders) and to measure the abrasion on a test surface by Vertical Scanning Interference microscopy (VSI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bright field and polarization microscopy were used to identify the abrasive particles on the crude dentifrices and after prolonged washes. Scanning electron microscopy and microanalysis characterized the shape and nature of the particles. Standardized and polished blocks of poly(methylmethacrylate) were brushed with a commercial electric toothbrush with the dentifrices. VSI quantified the mean roughness (Ra) and illustrated in 3D the abraded areas. RESULTS: Toothpastes induced a limited abrasion. Toothpowders induced a significantly higher roughness linked to the size of the abrasive particles. One powder (Gencix® produced a high abrasion when used with a standard testing weight. However, the powder is based on pumice particles covered by a plant homogenate that readily dissolves in water. When used in the same volume, or after dispersion in water, Ra was markedly reduced. CONCLUSION: Light and electron microscopy characterize the abrasive particles and VSI is a new tool allowing the analysis of large surface of abraded materials. .

Evaluation of ionic degradation and slot corrosion of metallic brackets by the action of different dentifrices

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vitro ionic degradation and slot base corrosion of metallic brackets subjected to brushing with dentifrices, through analysis of chemical composition by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and qualitative analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). METHODS: Thirty eight brackets were selected and randomly divided into four experimental groups (n = 7). Two groups (n = 5) worked as positive and negative controls. Simulated orthodontic braces were assembled using 0.019 x 0.025-in stainless steel wires and elastomeric rings. The groups were divided according to surface treatment: G1 (Máxima Proteção Anticáries®); G2 (Total 12®); G3 (Sensitive®); G4 (Branqueador®); Positive control (artificial saliva) and Negative control (no treatment). Twenty eight brushing cycles were performed and evaluations were made before (T0) and after (T1) experiment. RESULTS: The Wilcoxon test showed no difference in ionic concentrations of titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni) between groups. G2 presented significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the concentration of aluminium ion (Al). Groups G3 and G4 presented significant increase (p < 0.05) in the concentration of aluminium ion. The SEM analysis showed increased characteristics indicative of corrosion on groups G2, G3 and G4. CONCLUSION: The EDS analysis revealed that control groups and G1 did not suffer alterations on the chemical composition. G2 presented degradation in the amount of Al ion. G3 and G4 suffered increase in the concentration of Al. The immersion in artificial saliva and the dentifrice Máxima Proteção Anticáries® did not alter the surface polishing. The dentifrices Total 12®, Sensitive® and Branqueador® altered the surface polishing.

OBJETIVO: avaliar in vitro a degradação iônica e corrosão do fundo do slot de braquetes metálicos submetidos à escovação com dentifrícios, realizando análises da composição química por Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva (EDS) e qualitativa por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). MÉTODOS: foram selecionados 38 braquetes divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos experimentais (n = 7). Dois grupos (n = 5) funcionaram como controles positivo e negativo. Aparelhos ortodônticos simulados foram confeccionados com fios de aço inoxidável 0,019" x 0,025" e anéis elastoméricos. Os grupos foram divididos de acordo com o tratamento de superfície: G1 (Máxima Proteção Anticáries®); G2 (Total 12®); G3 (Sensitive®); G4 (Branqueador®); Controle Positivo (saliva artificial) e Controle Negativo (sem tratamento). Foram realizados 28 ciclos de escovação e avaliações antes (T0) e após (T1) o experimento. RESULTADOS: o teste de Wilcoxon indicou não existir diferença nas concentrações iônicas de titânio (Ti), cromo (Cr), ferro (Fe) e níquel (Ni) entre os grupos. O grupo G2 apresentou redução significativa (p < 0,05) na concentração do íon alumínio (Al) e os grupos G3 e G4 apresentaram aumento significativo (p < 0,05) nas concentrações do íon alumínio. A análise em MEV mostrou aumento nas características indicativas de corrosão dos grupos G2, G3 e G4. CONCLUSÃO: a análise por EDS revelou que os grupos controle e G1 não sofreram alterações na composição química. O grupo G2 apresentou degradação na quantidade de íons Al, e G3 e G4 sofreram aumento na concentração de Al. A imersão em saliva artificial e o dentifrício Máxima Proteção Anticáries® não alteraram o polimento de superfície. Os dentifrícios Total 12®, Sensitive® e Branqueador® alteraram o polimento de superfície.

Efeito do pH e da concentração de fluoreto presente em dentifrícios líquidos no controle de cárie em área fluoretada: estudo clínico randomizado / Effect of liquid dentifrices pH and fluoride concentration on caries control in a region with fluoridated water: randomized clinical trial

Os dentifrícios de baixa concentração de fluoreto têm sido sugeridos como alternativa para reduzir o risco de fluorose dentária, embora não haja consenso quanto a sua eficácia clínica, a qual pode ser aumentada quando o pH é ácido. Este estudo clínico randomizado teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito anti-cárie do pH e da concentração de fluoreto presente em dentifrícios líquidos, em crianças com diferentes status de atividade cariosa. Crianças de 2-4 anos de idade residentes em uma área fluoretada (0,6-0,8 ppm F), com (A) e sem (I) lesões de cárie ativa foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em três grupos de acordo com o tipo de dentifrício utilizado: Grupo 1 (n=48-A/56-I): 550 ppm F pH 4,5, Grupo 2 (n=56-A/48-I) 1100 ppm F pH 7,0, Grupo 3 (n=52-A/55-I): 550 ppm F pH 7,0. O número de lesões tornando-se ativas/cavidades ou inativas, respectivamente, foi avaliado clinicamente após 12 meses, podendo-se determinar se as lesões progrediram ou regrediram. Além disso, as lesões de mancha branca foram avaliadas através da técnica de quantificação de fluorescência induzida por luz (Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence - QLF) em uma subamostra de 75 crianças. A concentração de fluoreto nas unhas dos pés e no biofilme dentário também foi avaliada após 6 meses de uso dos dentifrícios. A progressão de cárie seguiu um padrão decrescente de acordo com o dentifrício utilizado (G3>G2>G1), independentemente da atividade de cárie da criança, mas diferenças significativas foram detectadas apenas para a progressão e o incremento de cárie (G1 < G3) no grupo de crianças cárie-ativas, quando avaliadas por inspeção visual. Para a regressão de cárie, os valores encontrados para os 3 grupos foram mais parecidos entre si, não havendo diferenças significativas entre osgrupos. Por outro lado, a análise com o QLF não detectou diferença significativa entre os Grupos 1 e 2, mas eles tiveram um desempenho significativamente melhor que o Grupo 3. Concentrações de fluoreto...

Low-F dentifrices have been suggested as an alternative to reduce the risk of dental fluorosis, although there is no consensus on their clinical efficacy, which may be increased when the pH is acidic.The present randomized clinical trial evaluated the anticaries effect of low-F acidic liquid dentifrice in children at different caries activity status. Two-to-four-year-old schoolchildren living in a fluoridated area (0.6 0.8 ppm F), with (A) or without (I) active caries lesions were randomly allocated into 3 groups differing according to the type of dentifrice used over 12 months: Group 1 (n=48-A/56-I): 550 ppm F pH 4.5, Group 2 (n=56-A/48-I) 1100 ppm F pH 7.0, Group 3 (n=52-A/55-I): 550 ppm F pH 7.0. The number of lesions becoming active/cavities or inactive was clinically evaluated determining progression or regression. Additionally, the white spot lesions were evaluated by the quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) method in a subsample of 75 children. Toenail and plaque fluoride concentration were also evaluated 6 months after the use of the dentifrices. Plaque samples were collected 5 and 60 minutes after the last use of the dentifrices. Caries net increment followed a decreasing pattern according to the dentifrice used (G3>G2>G1) regardless caries activity, but significant differences were detected only for caries progression and net increment (G1 < G3) for the cariesactive group when evaluated through visual inspection. For the regression, the values found for the three groups were more similar, without significant differences. QLF analysis detected no significant difference between Groups 1 and 2, but they performed significantly better than Group 3. Toenail fluoride concentration significantly lower was observed when children used the low-fluoride dentifrices. Plaque F concentration was significantly higher for Group 2 compared to group 3, egardless the time, while Group 1 did not significantly differ Group 2, but was...

Efeito do pH e da concentração de fluoreto presente em dentifrícios líquidos no controle de cárie em área fluoretada: estudo clínico randomizado / Effect of liquid dentifrices pH and fluoride concentration on caries control in a region with fluoridated water: randomized clinical trial

Os dentifrícios de baixa concentração de fluoreto têm sido sugeridos como alternativa para reduzir o risco de fluorose dentária, embora não haja consenso quanto a sua eficácia clínica, a qual pode ser aumentada quando o pH é ácido. Este estudo clínico randomizado teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito anti-cárie do pH e da concentração de fluoreto presente em dentifrícios líquidos, em crianças com diferentes status de atividade cariosa. Crianças de 2-4 anos de idade residentes em uma área fluoretada (0,6-0,8 ppm F), com (A) e sem (I) lesões de cárie ativa foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em três grupos de acordo com o tipo de dentifrício utilizado: Grupo 1 (n=48-A/56-I): 550 ppm F pH 4,5, Grupo 2 (n=56-A/48-I) 1100 ppm F pH 7,0, Grupo 3 (n=52-A/55-I): 550 ppm F pH 7,0. O número de lesões tornando-se ativas/cavidades ou inativas, respectivamente, foi avaliado clinicamente após 12 meses, podendo-se determinar se as lesões progrediram ou regrediram. Além disso, as lesões de mancha branca foram avaliadas através da técnica de quantificação de fluorescência induzida por luz (Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence - QLF) em uma subamostra de 75 crianças. A concentração de fluoreto nas unhas dos pés e no biofilme dentário também foi avaliada após 6 meses de uso dos dentifrícios. A progressão de cárie seguiu um padrão decrescente de acordo com o dentifrício utilizado (G3>G2>G1), independentemente da atividade de cárie da criança, mas diferenças significativas foram detectadas apenas para a progressão e o incremento de cárie (G1 < G3) no grupo de crianças cárie-ativas, quando avaliadas por inspeção visual. Para a regressão de cárie, os valores encontrados para os 3 grupos foram mais parecidos entre si, não havendo diferenças significativas entre osgrupos. Por outro lado, a análise com o QLF não detectou diferença significativa entre os Grupos 1 e 2, mas eles tiveram um desempenho significativamente melhor que o Grupo 3. Concentrações de fluoreto...

Low-F dentifrices have been suggested as an alternative to reduce the risk of dental fluorosis, although there is no consensus on their clinical efficacy, which may be increased when the pH is acidic.The present randomized clinical trial evaluated the anticaries effect of low-F acidic liquid dentifrice in children at different caries activity status. Two-to-four-year-old schoolchildren living in a fluoridated area (0.6 0.8 ppm F), with (A) or without (I) active caries lesions were randomly allocated into 3 groups differing according to the type of dentifrice used over 12 months: Group 1 (n=48-A/56-I): 550 ppm F pH 4.5, Group 2 (n=56-A/48-I) 1100 ppm F pH 7.0, Group 3 (n=52-A/55-I): 550 ppm F pH 7.0. The number of lesions becoming active/cavities or inactive was clinically evaluated determining progression or regression. Additionally, the white spot lesions were evaluated by the quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) method in a subsample of 75 children. Toenail and plaque fluoride concentration were also evaluated 6 months after the use of the dentifrices. Plaque samples were collected 5 and 60 minutes after the last use of the dentifrices. Caries net increment followed a decreasing pattern according to the dentifrice used (G3>G2>G1) regardless caries activity, but significant differences were detected only for caries progression and net increment (G1 < G3) for the cariesactive group when evaluated through visual inspection. For the regression, the values found for the three groups were more similar, without significant differences. QLF analysis detected no significant difference between Groups 1 and 2, but they performed significantly better than Group 3. Toenail fluoride concentration significantly lower was observed when children used the low-fluoride dentifrices. Plaque F concentration was significantly higher for Group 2 compared to group 3, egardless the time, while Group 1 did not significantly differ Group 2, but was...

Effect of low fluoride acidic dentifrices on dental remineralization

This study evaluated the capacity of fluoride acidic dentifrices (pH 4.5) to promote enamel remineralization using a pH cycling model, comparing them with a standard dentifrice (1,100 µgF/g). Enamel blocks had their surface polished and surface hardness determined (SH). Next, they were submitted to subsurface enamel demineralization and to post-demineralization surface hardness analysis. The blocks were divided into 6 experimental groups (n=10): placebo (without F, pH 4.5, negative control), 275, 412, 550, 1,100 µgF/g and a standard dentifrice (positive control). The blocks were submitted to pH cycling for 6 days and treatment with dentifrice slurries twice a day. After pH cycling, surface and cross-sectional hardness were assessed to obtain the percentage of surface hardness recovery (%SHR) and the integrated loss of subsurface hardness (ΔKHN). The results showed that %SHR was similar among acidic dentifrices with 412, 550, 1,100 µgF/g and to the positive control (Tukey's test; p>0.05). For ΔKHN, the acidic dentifrice with 550 µg F/g showed a better performance when compared with the positive control. It can be concluded that acidic dentifrice 550 µgF/g had similar remineralization capacity to that of positive control.

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a capacidade de dentifrícios fluoretados acidulados (pH 4,5) em promover a remineralização do esmalte utilizando um modelo de ciclagem de pH e compará-lo a um dentifrício padrão (1.100 µgF/g). Blocos de esmalte tiveram suas superfícies polidas e a dureza de superfície determinada (SH). Em seguida, foram submetidos à desmineralização subsuperficial e a dureza de superfície pós-desmineralização foi determinada. Os blocos foram divididos em seis grupos experimentais (n=10): placebo (controle negativo), 275, 412, 550, 1.100 µgF/g e um dentifrício padrão (controle positivo). Os blocos foram submetidos à ciclagem de pH durante seis dias e tratamentos com dentifrício diluído duas vezes por dia. Após a ciclagem de pH, a dureza de superfície e em secção transversal foram avaliadas para obtenção da porcentagem de recuperação de dureza de superfície (%SHR) e área integrada da perda de dureza de subsuperfície (ΔKHN). Os resultados mostraram que %SHR foi semelhante entre os dentifrícios ácidos 412, 550, 1.100 µgF/g e controle positivo (teste de Tukey; p>0,05). Para ΔKHN, o dentifrício acidulado com 550 µgF/g mostrou uma performance melhor quando comparado ao controle positivo. Conclui-se que os dentifrícios acidulados 550 µgF/g apresentaram capacidade de remineralização semelhante ao controle positivo.

Abrasiveness of conventional and specific denture-cleansing dentifrices

This study analyzed the weight loss and surface roughness caused in Plexiglass specimens by conventional dentifrices (Sorriso, Colgate and Close Up) and specific dentifrices used for cleaning of dentures (Corega and Dentu Creme). Plexiglass specimens were divided into 6 groups (n=6) including: a control (distilled water - DW) and experimental groups. Brushing was performed in a toothbrushing machine with a soft brush and a dentifrice suspension and DW according to different brushing times (50, 100, 200 and 250 min -18,000, 36,000, 72,000 and 90,000 cycles, respectively, calculated to correspond to 1, 2, 4 and 5 years of regular brushing). The results of weight loss and surface roughness were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s test at 5% significance level. In all tested times, the effect of DW was insignificant. Dentifrices differed significantly from DW in the initial period. Corega dentifrice caused greater mass loss in all studied times, followed by Close Up. Dentifrices resulted in a surface roughness similar to the DW at 50 min. In the other times, Sorriso, Colgate and Corega caused more surface roughness than DW. In conclusion, specific dentifrices caused larger mass loss and lower surface roughness as conventional dentifrice.

Este estudo analisou a perda de massa e rugosidade superficial causadas em corpos de prova de Plexiglass por dentifrícios convencionais (Sorriso, Colgate e Close Up) e específicos (Corega e Dentu Creme) para higienização de próteses totais. Os corpos de prova de Plexiglass foram distribuidos em 6 grupos (n=6), sendo um controle (água destilada - AD) e grupos experimentais. A escovação foi realizada em máquina de escovação com escovas macias e suspensões de dentifrícios ou AD, de acordo com os diferentes tempos de escovação (50, 100, 200 e 250 min -18.000, 36.000, 72.000 e 90.000 ciclos, respectivamente, calculados para corresponder a 1, 2, 4 e 5 anos de escovação regular). Os resultados de perda de massa e rugosidade superficial foram analisados por meio de ANOVA e teste de Tukey com 5% de significância. Em todos os tempos analisados, a AD teve efeito insignificante. Os dentifrícios diferiram significativamente da AD no período inicial. O dentifrício Corega causou maior perda de massa em todos os tempos estudados, seguido por Close Up. No tempo de 50 min, todos os dentifrícios causaram rugosidade superficial semelhante à AD. Nos outros tempos, Sorriso, Colgate e Corega causaram maior rugosidade superficial em relação à AD. Conclui-se que os dentifrícios específicos causaram maior perda de massa, porém menor rugosidade superficial que os dentifrícios convencionais.

Anticaries effect of dentifrices with calcium citrate and sodium trimetaphosphate

Because of the growing concerns regarding fluoride ingestion by young children and dental fluorosis, it is necessary to develop new dentifrices. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dentifrices with calcium citrate (Cacit) and sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) on enamel demineralization. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Enamel blocks (n=70), previously selected through surface hardness analysis, were submitted to daily treatment with dentifrices diluted in artificial saliva and to a pH-cycling model. The fluoride concentration in dentifrices was 0, 250, 450, 550, 1,000 and 1,100 µg F/g. CrestTM was used as a positive control (1,100 mg F/g). Cacit (0.25 percent) and TMP (0.25 percent) were added to dentifrices with 450 and 1,000 µg F/g. Surface hardness was measured again and integrated loss of subsurface hardness and fluoride concentration in enamel were calculated. Parametric and correlation tests were used to determine difference (p<0.05) and dose-response relationship between treatments. RESULTS: The addition of Cacit and TMP did not provide a higher fluoride concentration in enamel, however it reduced (p<0.05) mineral loss when compared to other dentifrices; the dentifrice with Cacit and TMP and a low fluoride concentration presented similar results when compared to a dentifrice with 1,100 mg F/g (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Dentifrices with 450 and 1,000 µg F/g, Cacit and TMP were as effective as a gold standard one.

Effect of vegetable oil (Brazil nut oil) and mineral oil (liquid petrolatum) on dental biofilm control

Dental biofilm control represents a basic procedure to prevent caries and the occurrence of periodontal diseases. Currently, toothbrushes and dentifrices are used almost universally, and the employment of good oral hygiene allows for appropriate biofilm removal by both mechanical and chemical control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of adding vegetable or mineral oil to a commercially available dentifrice in dental biofilm control. A comparison using the Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S) was performed in 30 individuals who were randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 (G1) received a commercially available dentifrice; the composition of this dentifrice was modified by addition of mineral oil (Nujol®) for group 2 (G2) or a vegetable oil (Alpha Care®) for group 3 (G3) at 10 percent of the total volume, respectively. The two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (two-way ANOVA) was used to test the effect of group (G1, G2 and G3) or time (baseline, 45 days and 90 days) on the OHI-S index scores. Statistical analysis revealed a significant reduction in the OHI-S at day 90 in G2 (p < 0.05) and G3 (p < 0.0001) in comparison to G1. Therefore, the addition of a vegetable or a mineral oil to a commercially available dentifrice improved dental biofilm control, suggesting that these oils may aid in the prevention and/or control of caries and periodontal disease.

Combination effect of fluoride dentifrices and varnish on deciduous enamel demineralization

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anticaries potential of 500 or 1100 ppm F dentifrices combined with fluoride varnish using a pH-cycling regimen. Seventy primary canines were covered with nail polish, leaving a 4×4 mm window on their buccal surface, and randomly assigned into 7 groups (n = 10): S: sound enamel not submitted to the pH-cycling regimen or treatment; N: negative control, submitted to the pH-cycling regimen without any treatment; D1 and D2: subjected to the pH-cycling regimen and treated twice daily with 1100 or 500 ppm F dentifrice, respectively; VF: fluoride varnish (subjected to F-varnish before and in the middle of the pH-cycling regimen); and VF+D1 and VF+D2. After 10 days, the teeth were sectioned, and enamel demineralization was assessed by cross-sectional hardness at different distances from the dental surface. Data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. Dentifrice with 1100 ppm F and the combination of F-varnish with the dentifrices significantly reduced enamel demineralization compared with the negative control (p < 0.05), but the isolated effects of F-varnish and dentifrice with low concentration were not significant (p > 0.05). The effect of combining F-varnish with the dentifrices was not greater than the effect of the dentifrices alone (p < 0.05). The data suggest that the combination of F-varnish with dentifrices containing 500 and 1100 ppm F is not more effective in reducing demineralization in primary teeth than the isolated effect of dentifrice containing 1100 ppm F.